Fig. 5

Effect size for each acute versus chronic exercise. Forest Plot showing the effect of acute and chronic exercise on cognitive function. Sub-analyses are presented for different types of exercise (a = control group received no intervention, b = control group received any other intervention, c = exercise immediately before memory test, d = exercise during memory test, e = general memory, f = short-term memory, g = working memory, h = long-term memory, i = Digital span backwards, j = digit symbol test, k = trail making test a, l = trail making test b, m = letter fluency test, n = stroop test)