Table 2 Summary of participant characteristics, upright and stepping event metrics, and physical function outcomes

 Age

60.7 ± 8.6

58.6 ± 8.7

59.6 ± 8.7

 Type 2 diabetes, n (%)^a

812 (27%)

367 (12%)

1179 (24%)

 BMI category, n (%)

  Healthy (18.5 to 24.9 kg·m²)

915 (30%)

1470 (48%)

2,385

  Overweight (25 to 29.9 kg·m²)

1485 (49%)

1096 (36%)

2,581

  Obese (30 to 39.9 kg·m²)

588 (20%)

477 (16%)

1,065

  Morbidly Obese (≥ 40 kg·m²)

25 (1%)

29 (1%)

54

 Education level, n (%)

  High

1345 (45%)

1109 (36%)

2,454

  Medium

805 (27%)

884 (29%)

1,689

  Low

863 (29%)

1079 (35%)

1,942

 Smoking status, n (%)

  Never

1091 (36%)

1325 (43%)

2,416

  Former

1527 (51%)

1426 (46%)

2,953

  Current

395 (13%)

321 (10%)

716

Upright and stepping event metrics

 Daily step count (steps/day)

9457 ± 3759

9747 ± 3395

9604 ± 3582

 Daily number of upright events (n/day)

52.2 ± 13.3

52.9 ± 13.0

52.6 ± 13.1

 Daily number of stepping events (n/day)

186.7 ± 58.9

209.0 ± 57.1

198.0 ± 59.1

 Mean duration of all step events (min/event)

33.3 ± 9.7

30.0 ± 7.6

31.6 ± 8.8

 Mean number of steps per all stepping events (n/event)

48.1 ± 18.6

43.2 ± 14.2

45.6 ± 16.7

 Step-weighted mean cadence (steps/min)

90.4 ± 9.4

90.7 ± 7.8

90.6 ± 8.6

 Duration of all upright events (min)

7.0 ± 2.6

8.0 ± 3.0

7.5 ± 2.9

 Proportion of stepping to standing time (%)

35.7 ± 5.8

34.9 ± 5.2

35.3 ± 5.6

 Number of steps per upright event (n/event)

189.2 ± 85.4

192.9 ± 79.0

191.1 ± 82.2

 Number of stepping events per upright event (n/event)

7.9 ± 2.8

9.2 ± 3.1

8.5 ± 3.0

 Upright event burstiness (B_n)

0.28 ± 0.09

0.33 ± 0.08

0.31 ± 0.09

 Sedentary event burstiness (B_n)

0.32 ± 0.09

0.32 ± 0.07

0.32 ± 0.08

Physical function metrics

 Grip strength (kg)

41.8 ± 8.2

26.0 ± 5.6

33.8 ± 10.6

 Six-min walk test (meters)

604.7 ± 82.8

579.4 ± 73.3

591.9 ± 79.2

 10x chair stand test (s)

24.7 ± 5.5

24.8 ± 5.7

24.7 ± 5.6

 SF-36 Physical functioning score

88.8 ± 14.8

86.5 ± 16.2

87.7 ± 15.6