Table 1 Sample characteristics

Sex (n)^a

 Men

47 (50.5)

28 (39.4)

19 (86.4)

 < 0.001

 Women

46 (49.5)

43 (60.6)

3 (13.6)

Age (years)^b

69.0 (3.9)

68.7 (4.0)

70.1 (3.6)

0.143

Weight (kg)^b

70.3 (12.0)

71.2 (12.9)

67.4 (7.8)

0.104

Height (cm)^b

164.2 (7.9)

163.0 (7.6)

168.1 (7.6)

0.007

BMI (kg·m⁻²)^b

26.0 (3.6)

26.7 (3.7)

23.8 (2.2)

 < 0.001

SPPB (score)

11.8 (1.3)

11.8 (1.5)

12.0 (0.0)

0.445

RMR

 RMR_Byrne (mL O₂·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹)^b,c

2.7 (0.1)

2.6 (0.1)

2.8 (0.1)

 < 0.001

 RMR_Lührmann (mL O₂·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹)^b,d

3.0 (0.4)

3.0 (0.4)

2.9 (0.3)

0.053

 RMR_{Harris- Benedict} (mL O₂·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹)^b,e

2.8 (0.2)

2.8 (0.2)

2.9 (0.1)

0.006

VO_2max

 Source (n)^a

  GXT

36 (39)

27 (38)

9 (41)

0.811

  VerT

57 (61)

44 (62)

13 (59)

 VO₂ (mL O₂·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹)^b

27.8 (8.4)

23.9 (4.2)

40.5 (5.4)

 < 0.001

 VO₂ (mL O₂·min⁻¹)^b

1952.3 (646.2)

1707.5 (459.5)

2742.1 (519.3)

 < 0.001

 RER^b

1.1 (0.1)

1.1 (0.1)

1.1 (0.1)

0.271

 HR (bpm)^b

143.3 (17.4)

141.5 (18.6)

148.9 (11.2)

0.028

 Work rate (W)^b

125.7 (56.7)

103.1 (38.1)

198.6 (44.1)

 < 0.001

 Standard METs^b,f

8.0 (2.4)

6.8 (1.2)

11.6 (1.5)

 < 0.001

 METs₆₀₊^b,g

10.3 (3.1)

8.9 (1.6)

15.0 (2.0)

 < 0.001

VT₁

 VO₂ (mL O₂·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹)^b

14.7 (4.6)

12.8 (2.9)

20.6 (4.3)

 < 0.001

 VO₂ (mL O₂·min⁻¹)^b

1021.0 (333.6)

906.5 (239.5)

1390.5 (329.9)

 < 0.001

 RER

0.9 (0.1)

0.9 (0.1)

0.9 (0.1)

0.822

VT₂

 VO₂ (mL O₂·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹)^b

21.2 (7.2)

18.0 (3.7)

31.3 (6.3)

 < 0.001

 VO₂ (mL O₂·min⁻¹)^b

1491.7 (536.0)

1290.4 (357.1)

2123.0 (517.4)

 < 0.001

 RER

1.0 (0.1)

1.0 (0.1)

1.0 (0.1)

0.397