Table 1 Summary of included studies
Study | Diagnosis | Intervention/Comparison | Sample size pre (post) | Age (mean ± SD) | Water depth | T (℃) | Intervention Period | Outcome measures | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min/session | Time/week | Total duration | ||||||||||
Bento et al., 2012 [43] | Healthy populations | Healthy | AE | 27 (24) | 65.6 ± 4.2 | Xiphoid level | 28–30 | 60 | 3 | 12 | 6 MWT / 30 CST | |
LE | 20 (14) | 65.6 ± 4.4 | ||||||||||
Bento-Torres et al., 2019 [44] | Healthy | AE | 14 (14) | 71.2 ± 4.4 | / | / | / | 3 | 12 | 6 MWT / 30 CST | ||
LE | 14 (14) | 71.7 ± 4.6 | ||||||||||
Bocalini et al., 2010 [45] | Healthy | AE | 30 (27) | > 62 | / | / | 45 | 3 | 12 | 30 CST | ||
LE | 20 (18) | |||||||||||
Oh et al., 2015 [46] | Healthy | AE | 40 (34) | 74.7 ± 2.9 | 1.2 m | 28 | 60 | 3 | 10 | TUGT | ||
LE | 40 (32) | 68.2 ± 4.4 | ||||||||||
Oh et al., 2021 [47] | Healthy | AE | 40 (34) | 74.7 ± 2.9 | 1.2 m | 28 | 60 | 3 | 10 | TUGT | ||
LE | 40 (32) | 72.2 ± 4.4 | ||||||||||
Sanders et al., 2013 [48] | Healthy | AE | 48 (43) | 73.6 ± 13.5 | 1.0–1.2 m | 28–29 | 45 | 3 | 16 | 30 CST | ||
LE | 18 (17) | 72.8 ± 27.4 | ||||||||||
Vale et al., 2020 [64] | Sedentary Lifestyle | AE | 28 (28) | 67.3 ± 1.7 | 1.3 m | 31–33 | 60 | 2 | 16 | BBS | ||
LE | 26 (26) | 67.3 ± 1.7 | ||||||||||
Kurt et al., 2018 [55] | Nervous system diseases | Parkinson | AE | 20 (20) | 62.4 ± 6.8 | 1.2 m | 32 | 60 | 5 | 5 | BBS / TUGT | |
LE | 20 (20) | 63.6 ± 7.2 | ||||||||||
Lee et al., 2018 [32] | Stroke | AE | 19 (18) | 57.6 ± 14.0 | / | 30–33 | 30 | 5 | 4 | BBS | ||
LE | 18 (14) | 63.7 ± 11.3 | ||||||||||
Pérez et al., 2017 [56] | Parkinson | AE | 15 (14) | 66.8 ± 5.3 | 1.1–1.45 m | 30 | 45 | 2 | 10 | BBS / TUGT | ||
LE | 15 (15) | 67.5 ± 9.9 | ||||||||||
Pérez et al., 2021 [59] | Stroke | AE | 15 (15) | 63.8 ± 13.6 | 1.4 m | 34–36 | 45 | 2 | 12 | BBS / TUGT | ||
LE | 17 (17) | 62.7 ± 13.4 | ||||||||||
Silva et al., 2020 [33] | Nervous system diseases | Parkinson | AE | 14 (14) | 63.1 ± 13.6 | / | / | 60 | 2 | 10 | BBS / TUGT | |
LE | 14 (11) | 64.2 ± 13.5 | ||||||||||
Volpe et al., 2014 [57] | Parkinson | AE | 17 (17) | 68.0 ± 7.0 | / | / | 60 | 5 | 8 | BBS / TUGT | ||
LE | 17 (17) | 66.0 ± 8.0 | ||||||||||
Volpe et al., 2017 [58] | Parkinson | AE | 15 (13) | 70.6 ± 7.8 | / | / | 60 | 5 | 8 | BBS / TUGT | ||
LE | 15 (11) | 70.0 ± 7.8 | ||||||||||
Arnold et al., 2008 [49] | Musculoskeletal diseases | HOA | AE | 21 (16) | 68.6 ± 5.4 | Shoulder to waist | 30 | 50 | 3 | 20 | BBS | |
LE | 20 (15) | 69.1 ± 6.3 | ||||||||||
Arnold et al., 2010 [50] | HOA | AE | 27 (19) | 74.4 ± 7.5 | Chest level | \ | 45 | 2 | 11 | 6 MWT / BBS/ TUGT / 30 CST | ||
LE | 27 (19) | 75.8 ± 6.2 | ||||||||||
Assar et al., 2020 [31] | KOA | AE | 12 (12) | 57.5 ± 6.9 | 1.3 m | 32 | 90 | 3 | 8 | BBS | ||
LE | 12 (12) | 63.8 ± 7.5 | ||||||||||
Hale et al., 2012 [51] | OA | AE | 23 (20) | 75.7 ± 1.1 | 1.3 m | 28 | 60 | 2 | 12 | TUGT | ||
LE | 16 (15) | 73.5 ± 1.5 | ||||||||||
Kuptniratsaikul et al., 2019 [36] | KOA | AE | 40 (40) | 62.1 ± 6.4 | / | / | 30 | 3 | 4 | 6 MWT | ||
LE | 40 (40) | 61.7 ± 6.9 | ||||||||||
Moreira et al., 2020 [54] | Muscle disorders | AE | 75 (60) | 70.6 ± 6.0 | Xiphoid level | 31 | 45 | 2 | 16 | BBS | ||
LE | 70 (60) | 71.9 ± 7.0 | ||||||||||
Murtezani et al., 2014 [37] | Osteoporosis | AE | 33 (31) | 59.8 ± 6.0 | Chest level | 30 | 60 | 3 | 40 | 6 MWT / BBS | ||
LE | 31 (30) | 60.7 ± 7.6 | ||||||||||
Taglietti et al., 2018 [52] | KOA | AE | 31 (31) | 67.3 ± 5.9 | 1.2 m | 32 | 60 | 2 | 8 | TUGT | ||
LE | 29 (29) | 68.7 ± 6.7 | ||||||||||
Wang et al., 2011 [53] | Musculoskeletal diseases | KOA | AE | 28 (26) | 66.7 ± 5.6 | / | 30 | 60 | 3 | 12 | 6 MWT | |
LE | 28 (26) | 68.3 ± 5.6 | ||||||||||
Adsett et al., 2017 | Cardiopulmonary diseases | HF | AE | 36 (29) | 72.9 ± 8.4 | Chest level | 33–34 | 60 | 1 | 6 | 6 MWT/ TUGT | |
LE | 25 (22) | 68.3 ± 11.3 | ||||||||||
Caminiti et al., 2011 [62] | HF | AE | 11 (11) | 67.0 ± 6.0 | Xiphoid level | 31 | 60 | 3 | 24 | 6 MWT | ||
LE | 10 (10) | 69.0 ± 8.0 | ||||||||||
de Castro et al., 2020 [35] | COPD | AE | 27 (17) | 64.0 ± 8.0 | 1 m | 33 | 60 | 3 | 12 | 6 MWT / TUGT | ||
LE | 23 (14) | 65.0 ± 8.0 | ||||||||||
Felcar et al., 2018 [60] | COPD | AE | 34 (20) | 68.0 ± 8.0 | 1 m | 33 | 60 | 3 | 24 | 6 MWT | ||
LE | 36 (16) | 69.0 ± 9.0 | ||||||||||
Ferreira et al., 2022 [63] | COVID-19 | AE | 26 (24) | 70.2 ± 4.2 | 1.4 m | 27–32 | 60 | 2 | 16 | TUGT | ||
LE | 26 (25) | 71.4 ± 4.6 | ||||||||||
Liu et al., 2021 [61] | COPD | AE | 16 (14) | 65.0 ± 11.0 | Xiphoid level | 26–30 | 60 | 2 | 12 | 6 MWT / 30CST | ||
LE | 17 (15) | 65.0 ± 8.0 | ||||||||||