Table 3 Summary of the effect of hypoxic exercise on sedentary individuals
From: Can hypoxic exercise retard cellular senescence? A narrative review
Author (Year of publication) | Studied population | Exercise | Altitude | Use of normobaric hypoxia chambersa | Retard SCs | Effects of Hypoxic Exercise |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang and Lin [58] | 18 healthy males (22.4±1.2 years) | Bicycle ergometer | 2733 and 4460 m | Y | N | 12%O2 ME results in a greater mobilization of senescent/activated lymphocytes into the bloodstream compared to that of 15%O2 ME. 12%O2 ME leads to reduced lymphocyte antioxidant levels, thereby enhancing H2O2-induced programmed death of lymphocytes through activation of mitochondria and death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathways. |
Mao, Fu et al. [39] | 24 healthy males (22±1 years) | Bicycle ergometer | 4460 and 2733 m | Y | N | HE downregulates erythrocyte CD47 and CD147 expression, while simultaneously promoting erythematic response to oxidative stress. HE intervention attenuates the extent of erythrocyte deformability and dehydration regulated by the Gardos channel. |
Wang, Chen et al. [56] | 50 healthy males | Bicycle ergometer | 2733m | Y | Y | Hypoxic-absolute exercise for 4 weeks improves the aerobic fitness of the subject by enhancing pulmonary ventilation and tissue O2 utilization. Hypoxic exercise regimen suppresses replicative senescence of T-lymphocytes, inducing a shift towards Th1 cytokine dominance in circulation. |
Lin, Wang et al. [38] | 60 healthy males | Bicycle ergometer | 2733 m | Y | N | An acute bout of exercise in 12%O2 enhanced erythrocyte aggregation and facilitated erythrocyte senescence. HE was superior to normoxic exercise training in ameliorating cardiopulmonary capacity. HE led to advanced and deteriorated rheological aggregation. Chronic hypoxic exercise may offer preconditioning acclimatization for patients with hypoxia-related diseases. |
Wang and Wu [60] | 16 healthy males (24.2±1.2 years) | Bicycle ergometer | 2733 and 4460 m | Y | N | Both 12% and 15% O2 ME increased the percentages of CD62L- and CD11a+ NKs in the bloodstream. These NKs mobilized by hypoxic ME, then rapidly left the peripheral blood compartment during the 2-hour recovery period. 12%O2 ME promotes NK cytotoxicity by mobilizing the replicative senescent/inhibitory NKs (CD57+/CD28-/KLRG1+) into the bloodstream. |
Tsai, Chang et al. [50] | 60 healthy males | Bicycle ergometer | 4460 m | Y | N | HE increased the mobilization of senescent (CD57+/CD28-) lymphocytes into the blood. HE decreased the ATP-linked OCR, the reserve capacity of OCR, and the activity of citrate synthase in the mitochondria. HE lowered the mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated the matrix oxidant burden of lymphocytes. |