Table 1 Effects of High-Intensity Training on global cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia
Author and Year | Dementia/ MCI | SampleCG/IG | Control Group | Intervention Group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Intervention type | Assessments times | Modification of the outcome over time | Study results | ||||
Bossers et al., 2015 [34] | Dementia | CG= 36IG= 37 | one-on-one social visits | CG 85.4±5.0IG 85.7±5.1 | Strength and AerobicTrainingI: 12 - 15 borg; 50 - 85%HRmaxF: 4 days/weekD: 30 minutes#S: 36 | T0=Baseline T1= 9 weeks | MMSE T0= 15.8±4.3T1= 17.16±4.33 | Compared to a non-exercise control group, a combination of aerobic and strength training is more effective than aerobic-only training in slowing cognitive and motor decline in patients with dementia. |
Fiatarone et al., 2014 [35] | MCI | CG= 27IG= 27 | SCOG and SPEX | 55–89 | Progressive Resistance Training.I: 5–18 on the BorgScale and 80% RM.F: 3 days/weekD: 60 - 100 minutes #S: 48 - 72 | T0 = BaselineT1 = 6 monthsT2 = 18 months | ADAS-CogT0 = 8.02 (6.87 – 9.17)T1 = 6.26 (5.11 –7.41)T2 = 5.76 (4.59 – 6.92) | 6 months intervention of a HIFT program improves global cognition compared to sham exercise; this benefit tend to persist for 18 months. |
Gbiri et al., 2020 [36] | Dementia | CG= 15IG= 16 | Basic HomeExercise Program. | 69.6±3.4 | Progressive Task-Oriented Circuit Training I: 80% RMF: 2 days/weekD: 70 minutes#S: 24 | T0 = BaselineT1 = 6 weeksT2 = 12 weeks | MMSET0= 16.88T1= 3.56T2= 3.75 | Progressive HIFT improves cognitive function. |
Hoffmann et al., 2015 [37] | Dementia | CG= 88IG= 102 | Usual care | CG 71.3±7.3IG 69.8±7.4 | Moderate to high Intensity Aerobic exerciseI: 70 - 80% HRmaxF: 3 days/weekD: 60 minutes#S: 48 | T0= BaselineT1= 16 weeks | MMSE T0= 23.8±3.4T1= 23.9±3.4 | Exercise reduced neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with mild Alzheimer disease, with possible additional benefits of preserved cognition in a subgroup of patients exercising with high attendance and intensity. |
Lamb, et al., 2018 [38] | Dementia | CG= 165IG= 329 | Usual care | CG 78.4±7.6 IG 76.9±7.9 | Moderate to High Intensity Exercise Training I: 6-minute walk test for aerobic training and 20 RM for strength training. F: 2 days/weekD: 60 - 90 minutes#S: 30 | T0 = BaselineT1 = 6 monthsT2 = 12 months | ADAS-CogT0= 21.2±9.5 T1= 22.9±11.6T2= 25.2±12.3 | A four-month period of moderate to high intensity aerobic and strength exercise training, and ongoing support to exercise does not slow cognitive decline |
Liu-Ambrose et al., 2016 [39] | MCI | CG= 35IG= 35 | Usual care plus education | CG 73.7±8.3IG 74.8±8.4 | Progressive Aerobic TrainingI: 40% to 70% of Heart Rate ReserveF: 3 days/weekD: 60 minutes#S: 78 | T0= BaselineT1= 6 monthsT2= 12 months | ADAS-Cog T0= 11.7±5.5T1= -1.71 (-3.15 – -0.26)T2= -1.14±0.57 | This study provides preliminary evidence for the efficacy of 6 months of thrice-weekly progressive aerobic training in community-dwelling adults with MCI, relative to usual care plus education. |
Maffei et al., 2017 [40] | MCI | CG= 58IG= 55 | Usual care | CG 74.9±4.4IG 74.0±4.8 | Cognitive trainingF: 3 days/weekD: 120 minAerobic exerciseI: high intensity according to the ACSMF: 3 days/weekD: 60min | T0= BaselineT1= 7 months | ADAS-Cog T0= 9.92±4.81T1= -1.40±0.32 | combined physical and cognitive training in a social setting improves cognitive status of MCI subjects and improves indicators of brain health. |
Nascimento et al., 2014 [41] | MCI | CG= 17IG= 20 | Usual care | CG 68.5±5.9 IG 67.3±5.3 | I: 60 - 80% Heart rate reserveF: 3 days/weekD: 60 minutes#S: 48 | T0= BaselineT1= 16 weeks | MoCAT0= 19 (4)T1= 23 (3) | a significant improvement of attention and executive functions in MCI group who took part in this exercise program was observed. |
Rivas-Campo et al., 2023a [42] | MCI | CG= 68IG= 64 | Usual care | CG 77.2±7.7IG 77.1±7.3 | High Intensity Functional TrainingI: 80 - 85% HRmaxF: 3 days/weekD: 45 minutes#S: 36 | T0= BaselineT1= 12 weeks | MoCA T0= 21.63±1.53T1= 22.58±1.41 | After the analysis, improvement was found in the IG with significant differences with respect to the CG in the level of cognitive impairment (MoCA) (p < 0.001). |
Sanders et al., 2020 [43] | Dementia | CG= 30 IG= 39 | Flexibility exercises and recreational activities | CG 82,1±7,51 IG 81,7±7,16 | Moderate to high intensity I= In the LI phase, the target RPE was 9–11. In the HI phase, the RPE was 13–16. F: 3 days/week D: 30 minutes #S: 72 | T0=Baseline T1=12 weeks T2= 24 weeks | MMSE T0=21.4±3.94 T1=21.0±4.38 T2= 20.4±4.77 | There were no significant effects of the exercise vs. control intervention on any of the cognitive measures. |
Telenius et al., 2015a [44] | Dementia | CG= 79IG = 81 | Light physicalactivity in sitting. | CG 86.4±7.8 IG 86.9±7.0 | High Intensity Functional Exercise ProgramI: 12 RMF: 2 days/weekD: 50 - 60 minutes#S: 24 | T0= BaselineT1= 12 weeks | MMSE T0= 15.6±5.0T1= 15.5±5.5 | The results from our study indicate that a high intensity functional exercise program improved balance and muscle strength as well as reduced apathy in nursing home patients with dementia. |
Telenius et al., 2015b [45] | Dementia | CG= 83IG= 87 | Light physicalactivity in sitting. | CG 86.5±7.7 IG 87.3±7.0 | High Intensity Functional Exercise ProgramI: 12 RMF: 2 days/weekD: 50 - 60 minutes#S: 24 | T0= BaselineT1= 3 monthsT2= 6 months | MMSE T0= 15.5±0.6T1= 15.4 (14.5 – 16.3)T2= 14.4 (13.5 – 15.2) | The results demonstrate long-time positive effects of a high intensity functional exercise program on balance and indicate a positive effect on agitation |
Toots et al., 2017 [46] | Dementia | CG= 93IG= 93 | Activities in sitting. | CG 85.9±7.8 IG 84.4±6.2 | High Intensity Functional Exercise ProgramI: 8 - 12 RMF: 2 days/weekD: 45 minutes#S: 40 | T0=Baseline T1=4 monthsT2= 7 months | MMSET0= 15.4±3.4T1= -1.15±0.41T2= -2.25±0.42ADAS-CogT0= 31.8±11.4T1= 1.51±1.06 | A 4-month, high-intensity functional exercise program had no superior effects on global cognition or executive function |
Zhu et al., 2018 [47] | MCI | CG= 31IG= 29 | Program of healthy lifestyle | CG 69.0±7.3 IG 70.3±6.7 | DanceI: 60%–80% PHRsF: 3 days/weekD: 35 minutes#S: 39 | T0= BaselineT1= 3 monthsT2= 6 months | MoCA T0= 23.2±1.9T1= 24.7±2.2T2= 25.0±2.4 | The dance routine improves cognitive function, especially episodic memory and processing speed, In MCI patients |