Table 4 Central illustration about physical activity and 8 age-related diseases from epidemiological and mendelian randomization studies
Outcome | Observational study (association, CARDIA) | Mendelian randomization (SNP causal estimate, GWAS) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Meeting physical activity guidelines | Three times physical activity guidelines | Vigorous physical activity | Accelerometer-based physical activity | |
Coronary heart disease | - | NS | ✕ | ✕ |
Ischemic heart disease | NA | NA | ✕ | ✕ |
Angina | NA | NA | - | - |
Alzheimer’s disease | NA | NA | ✕ | ✕ |
Hypertension | - | - | - | ✕ |
Type 2 diabetes | - | - | - | ✕ |
High cholesterol | - | - | ✕ | ✕ |
Venous thromboembolism | NS | NS | ✕ | ✕ |