Fig. 1

The relationship between lifestyle patterns and the acceleration of biological aging. The figure includes homeostatic dysregulation (A), KDM biological age acceleration (B), phenotypic age acceleration (C), and leucocyte telomere length (D). Reference level: proinflammatory in the E-DII group; low in the physical activity group; unhealthy in the sleep condition group. The β-value indicates how many standard deviations of biological age-accelerated change in that level compared to the reference level. Cohen’s d indicates the estimated effect size
Abbreviations: SPA: subjective physical activity measurement data set; OPA: objective physical activity measurement data set; E-DII: energy-adjusted dietary inflammation index.