Table 2 Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes (mean ± standard deviation or number) for the GF- and GF + groups. For condition 4 of the m-CTSIB, fewer participants were able to perform the test. NA = not applicable

Composite score (%)

57.4 ± 16.0

44.7 ± 6.2

71.9 ± 13.2

-9.73

p < 0.001

-2.84

Age (years)

77.5 ± 7.3

78.6 ± 7.8

75.2 ± 7.1

1.55

p = 0.10

 0.45

Height (cm)

162.4 ± 7.5

162 ± 6.1

163.7 ± 9.0

-0.40

p = 0.44

-0.12

Weight (kg)

69.0 ± 12.2

67 ± 11.6

74.6 ± 18.0

228.00

p = 0.10

-0.17

Body Mass Index

26.1 ± 4.4

25.5 ± 4.5

27.7 ± 5.9

0.54

p = 0.20

-0.09

Feet size

39.5 ± 2.0

39.6 ± 1.7

39.7 ± 2.4

277.50

p = 0.87

0.01

Ankle dorsiflexion (°)

12.6 ± 5.5

11.9 ± 5.8

13.5 ± 5.1

0.58

p = 0.34

-0.09

Neck pain

(number participants)

3

3

0

NA

NA

NA

Fall history (last 6 months)

23

16

7

NA

p = 0.01

NA

Fear of falling

17

10

7

NA

p = 0.49

NA

Gait speed (m.s^− 1)

0.67 ± 0.17

0.54 ± 0.1

0.80 ± 0.1

-7.58

p < 0.001

-2.21

Cervical rotation repositioning initial test (°)

6.1 ± 4.3

7.49 ± 5.1

4.49 ± 2.41

366.50

p = 0.03

0.33

Cervical flexion repositioning initial test (°)

5.6 ± 3.5

6.78 ± 4.1

4.74 ± 2.75

352.00

p = 0.06

0.33

CoP mean velocity standard position (mm.s^− 1)

(condition 1 m-CTSIB)

19.5 ± 10.7

20.6 ± 18.3

17.0 ± 7.7

285.00

p = 0.88

0.03

CoP mean velocity eyes closed firm surface (mm.s^− 1) (condition 2 m-CTSIB)

30.3 ± 18.9

30.0 ± 24.1

30.5 ± 12.0

191.00

p = 0.07

-0.31

CoP mean velocity eyes open foam surface (mm.s^− 1) (condition 3 m-CTSIB)

31.3 ± 16.4

35.9 ± 20.2

26.6 ± 9.5

336.500

p = 0.20

0.219

CoP mean velocity eyes closed foam surface (mm.s^− 1) (condition 4 m-CTSIB)

56.1 ± 19 0.2

(n = 31)

51.9 ± 19.8

(n = 15)

60.2 ± 18.4

(n = 16)

-1.200

p = 0.24

-0.431