Fig. 1

Structural equation models for all study groups with standardized path coefficients (standard error). Legend: Models were conducted separately for 1) Middle-aged women (n = 1 158), 2) Older women (n = 289), and 3) Older men (n = 189). Model for middle-aged women is adjusted for menopausal status and occupational physical activity. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05