Table 1 Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria

Inclusion

Patients

Adults over 60 years of age, living independently in the nursing home or community

Intervention

The experimental group only received one or more exercise interventions; the control group maintained normal daily activity

Comparison

The control group maintained normal daily activity, received conventional nursing, received health education, or performed sham exercises with no gain

Outcomes

1. Balance ability: the unipedal stance test with eyes open [17], functional reach [18], Berg balance scale [19], and “get-up and go” test [20];

2. Lower limb muscle strength: five stands sit-to-stand [21], the 30-s chair-stand test [22], and short physical performance battery [23];

3. Fall-efficacy: Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) [24]

Study

RCTs (Randomized controlled trials)

Exclusion

1. The adults had serious diseases, cognitive impairment, or care needs or were living with assistive devices

2. Did not provide a definitive exercise intervention program

3. The data were not presented in means ± standard deviations descriptive form