Table 6 Results of each subgroup analysis
Subgroup/Variables | Grouping criteria | Number of included studies | Heterogeneity test | Effect model | Result of Meta-analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q(P) | I2/% | Hedges’s g with 95% CI | P | |||||
The unipedal stance test with eyes open | ||||||||
Intervention form | MCPA | 2 | P = 0.16 | 49.78% | Fixed | 0.97 [0.57, 1.38] | P < 0.01 | |
MSA | 2 | P = 0.08 | 68.06% | Random | 0.23 [− 0.58, 1.04] | P = 0.57 | ||
MBE | 7 | P = 0.01 | 63.93% | Random | 0.46 [0.07, 0.85] | P = 0.02 | ||
Cycle (week) | < 8 | 2 | P = 0.55 | 0% | Fixed | 0.61 [0.20, 1.03] | P < 0.01 | |
8 ≤ Time < 12 | 2 | P < 0.01 | 93.5% | Random | 0.55 [− 0.93, 2.04] | P = 0.46 | ||
12 ≤ Time < 24 | 4 | P = 0.04 | 61.32% | Random | 0.57 [0.03, 1.12] | P = 0.04 | ||
≥ 24 | 3 | P = 0.09 | 59.04% | Random | 0.40 [− 0.15, 0.95] | P = 0.16 | ||
Frequency (day/week) | < 3 | 4 | P = 0.41 | 0% | Fixed | 0.51 [0.22, 0.80] | P < 0.01 | |
3 | 6 | P < 0.01 | 68.3% | Random | 0.68 [0.19, 1.16] | P < 0.01 | ||
> 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Time (minutes) | < 30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
30 ≤ Time < 45 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
45 ≤ Time < 60 | 4 | P < 0.01 | 80.17% | Random | 0.78 [0.09, 1.47] | P = 0.03 | ||
≥ 60 | 6 | P = 0.70 | 0% | Fixed | 0.49 [0.23, 0.75] | P < 0.01 | ||
Functional reach | ||||||||
Intervention form | MCPA | 4 | P = 0.41 | 0% | Fixed | 0.58 [0.34, 0.82] | P < 0.01 | |
MSA | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
MBE | 4 | P = 0.03 | 67.13% | Random | 0.50 [0.01, 1.00] | P < 0.05 | ||
Cycle (week) | < 8 | 2 | P = 0.1 | 63.78% | Random | 0.78 [0.05, 1.51] | P < 0.04 | |
8 ≤ Time < 12 | 3 | P = 0.05 | 57.64% | Random | 0.37 [− 0.03, 0.77] | P = 0.1 | ||
12 ≤ Time < 24 | 2 | P = 0.82 | 0% | Fixed | 0.48 [− 0.01, 0.95] | P < 0.05 | ||
≥ 24 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Frequency (day/week) | < 3 | 6 | P = 0.32 | 15.40% | Fixed | 0.61 [0.40, 0.82] | P < 0.01 | |
3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
> 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Time (minutes) | < 30 | 2 | P = 0.05 | 74.29% | Random | 0.24 [− 0.37, 0.85] | P = 0.44 | |
30 ≤ Time < 45 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
45 ≤ Time < 60 | 2 | P = 0.91 | 0% | Fixed | 0.59 [0.16, 1.03] | P < 0.01 | ||
≥ 60 | 4 | P = 0.17 | 40.78% | Fixed | 0.72 [0.41, 1.03] | P < 0.01 | ||
“Get-up and go” test | ||||||||
Intervention form | MCPA | 8 | P < 0.01 | 58.07% | Random | − 0.35 [− 0.65, − 0.04] | P < 0.05 | |
MSA | 2 | P = 0.53 | 0% | Fixed | − 0.86 [− 1.27, − 0.45] | P < 0.01 | ||
MBE | 22 | P < 0.01 | 58.78% | Random | − 0.56 [− 0.76, − 0.36] | P < 0.01 | ||
Cycle (week) | < 8 | 9 | P = 0.13 | 36.45% | Fixed | − 0.31 [− 0.49, − 0.13] | P < 0.01 | |
8 ≤ Time < 12 | 9 | P < 0.01 | 73.92% | Random | − 0.51 [− 0.84, − 0.17] | P < 0.01 | ||
12 ≤ Time < 24 | 10 | P = 0.41 | 20.53% | Fixed | − 0.51 [− 0.70, − 0.32] | P < 0.01 | ||
≥ 24 | 4 | P = 0.18 | 38.5% | Fixed | − 1.01 [− 1.35, − 0.68] | P < 0.01 | ||
Frequency (day/week) | < 3 | 17 | P < 0.01 | 73.40% | Random | − 0.56 [− 0.81, − 0.31] | P < 0.01 | |
3 | 12 | P = 0.13 | 32.15% | Fixed | − 0.50 [− 0.69, − 0.31] | P < 0.01 | ||
> 3 | 3 | P = 0.47 | 0% | Fixed | − 0.49 [− 0.81, − 0.18] | P < 0.01 | ||
Time (minutes) | < 30 | 4 | P = 0.32 | 15.06% | Fixed | 0.06 [− 0.17, 0.29] | P = 0.61 | |
30 ≤ Time < 45 | 6 | P = 0.59 | 0% | Fixed | − 0.77 [− 1.03, − 0.51] | P < 0.01 | ||
45 ≤ Time < 60 | 5 | P = 0.02 | 66.28% | Random | − 0.53 [− 0.97, − 0.09] | P = 0.02 | ||
≥ 60 | 17 | P < 0.01 | 54.57% | Random | − 0.57 [− 0.78, − 0.36] | P < 0.01 | ||
Berg balance scale | ||||||||
Intervention form | MCPA | 5 | P < 0.01 | 79.47% | Random | 0.73 [0.20, 1.25] | P < 0.01 | |
MSA | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
MBE | 8 | P = 0.04 | 53.86% | Random | 0.77 [0.44, 1.10] | P < 0.01 | ||
Cycle (week) | < 8 | 5 | P = 0.02 | 69.36% | Random | 0.79 [0.27, 1.31] | P < 0.01 | |
8 ≤ Time < 12 | 4 | P < 0.01 | 80.30% | Random | 0.89 [0.21, 1.57] | P < 0.01 | ||
12 ≤ Time < 24 | 4 | P = 0.28 | 21.5% | Fixed | 0.56 [0.30, 0.81] | P < 0.01 | ||
≥ 24 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Frequency (day/week) | < 3 | 5 | P = 0.68 | 0% | Fixed | 0.41 [0.20, 0.63] | P < 0.01 | |
3 | 7 | P = 0.01 | 64.85% | Random | 1.02 [0.60, 1.44] | P < 0.01 | ||
> 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Time (minutes) | < 30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
30 ≤ Time < 45 | 5 | P = 0.03 | 59.32% | Random | 1.02 [0.50, 1.53] | P < 0.01 | ||
45 ≤ Time < 60 | 4 | P = 0.29 | 19.41% | Fixed | 0.60 [0.35, 0.85] | P < 0.01 | ||
≥ 60 | 4 | P < 0.01 | 84.41% | Random | 0.70 [− 0.02, 1.42] | P = 0.05 | ||
Five stands sit-to-stand | ||||||||
Intervention form | MCPA | 3 | P = 0.07 | 62.53% | Random | − 0.83 [− 1.43, − 0.23] | P < 0.01 | |
MSA | 2 | P = 0.19 | 42.88% | Fixed | − 0.25 [− 0.72, 0.22] | P = 0.30 | ||
MBE | 10 | P < 0.01 | 45.63% | Fixed | − 0.62 [− 0.80, − 0.45] | P = 0.06 | ||
Cycle (week) | < 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
8 ≤ Time < 12 | 7 | P = 0.1 | 43.39% | Fixed | − 0.53 [− 0.76, − 0.29] | P < 0.01 | ||
12 ≤ Time < 24 | 6 | P = 0.06 | 53.28% | Random | − 0.58 [− 0.90, − 0.27] | P < 0.01 | ||
≥ 24 | 2 | P = 0.41 | 0% | Fixed | − 1.10 [− 1.55, − 0.65] | P < 0.01 | ||
Frequency (day/week) | < 3 | 9 | P = 0.03 | 53.01% | Random | − 0.65 [− 0.93, − 0.38] | P < 0.01 | |
3 | 3 | P = 0.16 | 44.78% | Fixed | − 0.36 [− 0.77, 0.05] | P = 0.08 | ||
> 3 | 3 | P = 0.1 | 55.85% | Random | − 0.69 [− 1.18, − 0.21] | P = 0.01 | ||
Time (minutes) | < 30 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
30 ≤ Time < 45 | 2 | P = 0.08 | 66.77% | Random | − 0.83 [− 1.52, − 0.15] | P = 0.02 | ||
45 ≤ Time < 60 | 4 | P = 0.30 | 18.48% | Fixed | − 0.33 [− 0.67, 0.01] | P = 0.05 | ||
≥ 60 | 8 | P = 0.03 | 55.02% | Random | − 0.70 [− 0.99, − 0.41] | P < 0.01 | ||
The 30-s chair-stand test | ||||||||
Intervention form | MCPA | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
MSA | 3 | P = 0.27 | 22.89% | Fixed | 0.54 [0.13, 0.94] | P < 0.01 | ||
MBE | 7 | P = 0.03 | 58.93% | Random | 0.36 [− 0.02, 0.70] | P = 0.04 | ||
Cycle (week) | < 8 | 4 | P = 0.03 | 63.34% | Random | 0.09 [− 0.39, 0.56] | P = 0.72 | |
8 ≤ Time < 12 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
12 ≤ Time < 24 | 5 | P = 0.59 | 0% | Fixed | 0.65 [0.39, 0.90] | P < 0.01 | ||
≥ 24 | 2 | P = 0.20 | 38.07% | Fixed | 0.65 [0.18, 1.11] | P < 0.01 | ||
Frequency (day/week) | < 3 | 5 | P = 0.50 | 0% | Fixed | 0.55 [0.36, 0.75] | P < 0.01 | |
3 | 6 | P = 0.02 | 61.48% | Random | 0.36 [− 0.11, 0.83] | P = 0.13 | ||
> 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Time (minutes) | < 30 | 2 | P = 0.98 | 0% | Fixed | − 0.30 [− 0.77, 0.16] | P = 0.21 | |
30 ≤ Time < 45 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
45 ≤ Time < 60 | 3 | P = 0.43 | 0% | Fixed | 0.69 [0.38, 1.00] | P < 0.01 | ||
≥ 60 | 5 | P = 0.61 | 0% | Fixed | 0.57 [0.35, 0.78] | P < 0.01 | ||
Short physical performance battery | ||||||||
Intervention form | MCPA | 9 | P < 0.01 | 79.66% | Random | 0.51 [0.16, 0.86] | P < 0.01 | |
MSA | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
MBE | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Cycle (week) | < 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
8 ≤ Time < 12 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
12 ≤ Time < 24 | 7 | P < 0.01 | 74.45% | Random | 0.37 [0.01, 0.73] | P < 0.05 | ||
≥ 24 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Frequency (day/week) | < 3 | 5 | P = 0.06 | 59.09% | Random | 0.69 [0.35, 1.02] | P < 0.01 | |
3 | 4 | P < 0.01 | 85.21% | Random | 0.34 [− 0.30, 0.97] | P = 0.30 | ||
> 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Time (minutes) | < 30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
30 ≤ Time < 45 | 2 | P = 0.58 | 0% | Fixed | − 0.04 [− 0.30, 0.23] | P = 0.78 | ||
45 ≤ Time < 60 | 3 | P = 0.29 | 18.92% | Fixed | 0.46 [0.16, 0.77] | P < 0.01 | ||
≥ 60 | 4 | P = 0.02 | 74.95% | Random | 0.93 [0.41, 1.45] | P < 0.01 | ||
Falls efficacy scale-international | ||||||||
Intervention form | MCPA | 4 | P = 0.14 | 44.55% | Fixed | − 0.27 [− 0.49, − 0.05] | P < 0.05 | |
MSA | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
MBE | 2 | P = 0.12 | 59.51% | Random | − 1.22 [− 1.83, 0.61] | P < 0.01 | ||
Cycle (week) | < 8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
8 ≤ Time < 12 | 2 | P = 0.12 | 59.51% | Random | − 1.22 [− 1.83, − 0.61] | P < 0.01 | ||
12 ≤ Time < 24 | 3 | P = 0.04 | 67.85% | Random | − 0.56[− 1.22, 0.11] | P = 0.10 | ||
≥ 24 | 2 | P = 0.31 | 4.8% | Fixed | − 0.30 [− 0.55, − 0.04] | P = 0.03 | ||
Frequency (day/week) | < 3 | 6 | P < 0.01 | 80.64% | Random | − 0.60 [− 1.09, − 0.11] | P = 0.02 | |
3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
> 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Time (minutes) | < 30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
30 ≤ Time < 45 | 2 | P = 0.73 | 0% | Fixed | − 0.98 [− 1.40, − 0.56] | P < 0.01 | ||
45 ≤ Time < 60 | 2 | P = 0.06 | 71.32% | Random | − 1.15 [− 1.96, − 0.33] | P < 0.01 | ||
≥ 60 | 3 | P = 0.17 | 7.27% | Fixed | − 0.24 [− 0.47, −0.04] | P < 0.05 | ||