Table 3 Effects of the two treadmill perturbation-based balance training protocols on secondary outcomes
Variable | T1 | T2 | T3 | Time × Group | Time | Group | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | ηp2 | p | ηp2 | p | ηp2 | ||||
Global balance | |||||||||
Brief-BESTest, pt | |||||||||
6PBT | 13.6 ± 1.2 | 12.7 ± 1.2 | 11.7 ± 1.2 | 0.066 | 0.074 | 0.576 | 0.016 | 0.297 | 0.031 |
2PBT | 10.6 ± 1.2 | 11.3 ± 1.2 | 11.4 ± 1.2 | ||||||
Dynamic balance | |||||||||
FSST, s | |||||||||
6PBT | 13.0 ± 1.3 | 10.5 ± 0.8 | 11.0 ± 0.9 | 0.586 | 0.016 | 0.005 | 0.138 | 0.903 | < 0.001 |
2PBT | 12.4 ± 1.3 | 11.1 ± 0.8 | 10.9 ± 0.9 | ||||||
Gait capacity | |||||||||
Gait speed, m/s | |||||||||
6PBT | 0.99 ± 0.05 | 1.09 ± 0.08 | 1.07 ± 0.07 | 0.482 | 0.023 | 0.079 | 0.081 | 0.648 | 0.006 |
2PBT | 1.03 ± 0.05 | 1.10 ± 0.09 | 1.07 ± 0.07 | ||||||
Cadence, steps/min | |||||||||
6PBT | 110.7 ± 1.9 | 117.7 ± 2.5 | 115.7 ± 2.3 | 0.102 | 0.063 | 0.002 | 0.155 | 0.790 | 0.002 |
2PBT | 114.7 ± 2.0 | 117.3 ± 2.6 | 114.2 ± 2.2 | ||||||
Step time, s | |||||||||
6PBT | 0.55 ± 0.01 | 0.52 ± 0.02 | 0.53 ± 0.02 | 0.236 | 0.044 | 0.117 | 0.060 | 0.429 | 0.017 |
2PBT | 0.53 ± 0.01 | 0.52 ± 0.03 | 0.53 ± 0.02 | ||||||
Stride length, m | |||||||||
6PBT | 1.08 ± 0.05 | 1.12 ± 0.07 | 1.10 ± 0.07 | 0.447 | 0.024 | 0.211 | 0.047 | 0.696 | 0.005 |
2PBT | 1.08 ± 0.05 | 1.14 ± 0.08 | 1.10 ± 0.07 | ||||||
Double support, % | |||||||||
6PBT | 34.6 ± 1.6 | 32.4 ± 1.9 | 34.6 ± 1.4 | 0.504 | 0.020 | 0.033 | 0.092 | 0.309 | 0.030 |
2PBT | 36.4 ± 1.5 | 35.5 ± 1.9 | 36.4 ± 1.4 | ||||||
Walk ratio, cm/steps/min | |||||||||
6PBT | 0.49 ± 0.03 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 0.508 | 0.020 | 0.448 | 0.022 | 0.594 | 0.008 |
2PBT | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.49 ± 0.04 | ||||||
2MWT, m | |||||||||
6PBT | 117.6 ± 7.8 | 115.1 ± 8.1 | 117.9 ± 9.1 | 0.246 | 0.040 | 0.674 | 0.011 | 0.423 | 0.019 |
2PBT | 122.4 ± 7.8 | 127.7 ± 8.1 | 127.0 ± 9.1 | ||||||
Functional mobility | |||||||||
TUG, s | |||||||||
6PBT | 12.2 ± 1.2 | 11.7 ± 1.1 | 11.6 ± 1.0 | 0.151 | 0.053 | 0.002 | 0.166 | 0.520 | 0.012 |
2PBT | 12.2 ± 1.2 | 10.2 ± 1.2 | 10.4 ± 1.0 | ||||||
SPPB, pt | |||||||||
6PBT | 9.6 ± 0.6 | 10.0 ± 0.6 | 9.6 ± 0.6 | 0.327 | 0.032 | 0.421 | 0.025 | 0.425 | 0.018 |
2PBT | 10.3 ± 0.6 | 10.3 ± 0.6 | 10.4 ± 0.6 | ||||||
Physical activity | |||||||||
Mean daily energy expenditure, METs | |||||||||
6PBT | 1.33 ± 0.07 | 1.43 ± 0.08 | 1.37 ± 0.08 | 0.340 | 0.031 | 0.351 | 0.031 | 0.486 | 0.014 |
2PBT | 1.36 ± 0.06 | 1.37 ± 0.10 | 1.40 ± 0.09 | ||||||
Mean daily duration in MVPA, mina | |||||||||
6PBT | 197.6 ± 19.6 | 200.1 ± 12.1 | 198.2 ± 16.6 | 0.332 | 0.032 | 0.762 | 0.008 | 0.397 | 0.021 |
2PBT | 204.6 ± 16.6 | 183.6 ± 12.2 | 196.8 ± 16.8 | ||||||
Mean daily step counta | |||||||||
6PBT | 8615 ± 458 | 7978 ± 353 | 8097 ± 467 | 0.684 | 0.011 | 0.033 | 0.096 | 0.967 | < 0.001 |
2PBT | 8323 ± 458 | 7534 ± 353 | 7976 ± 467 | ||||||
Maximum step count per walking bout | |||||||||
6PBT | 83 ± 5 | 94 ± 5 | 91 ± 6 | 0.328 | 0.032 | 0.016 | 0.109 | 0.477 | 0.015 |
2PBT | 80 ± 5 | 84 ± 5 | 90 ± 6 | ||||||
Concerns about falling | |||||||||
Short FES-I, pt | |||||||||
6PBT | 9.9 ± 0.6 | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 0.5 | 0.723 | 0.010 | 0.026 | 0.097 | 0.355 | 0.025 |
2PBT | 9.6 ± 0.6 | 8.8 ± 0.5 | 8.8 ± 0.5 | ||||||
Executive functioning | |||||||||
TMT-A, s | |||||||||
6PBT | 71.9 ± 8.3 | 61.2 ± 6.0 | 62.1 ± 7.3 | 0.650 | 0.013 | 0.019 | 0.105 | 0.535 | 0.011 |
2PBT | 63.9 ± 8.3 | 54.0 ± 6.0 | 60.2 ± 7.3 | ||||||
TMT-B, s | |||||||||
6PBT | 155.2 ± 17.4 | 155.5 ± 16.9 | 133.6 ± 13.2 | 0.674 | 0.011 | 0.106 | 0.066 | 0.733 | 0.003 |
2PBT | 148.2 ± 17.4 | 149.2 ± 16.9 | 126.8 ± 13.2 | ||||||